Benifits on the Speaker of the House of Representatives

Presiding officer of the United States Firm of Representatives

Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Seal of the speaker
Flag of the speaker
Incumbent Nancy Pelosi since January 3, 2019
United States House of Representatives
Way	Madam Speaker (informal) The Honorable (formal)
Status	Presiding officeholder
Seat	United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator	Major parties (normally)
Appointer	Business firm of Representatives
Term length	At the Business firm'due south pleasance; elected at the beginning of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting musical instrument	United States Constitution
Formation	March 4, 1789; 232 years ago  (1789-03-04)
First holder	Frederick Muhlenberg April 1, 1789
Succession	Second (3 U.S.C. § nineteen)[2]
Deputy	Assistant Speaker of the Firm of Representatives (Democratic Party usage only)
Salary	$223,500 annually[3]
Website	speaker.gov

The speaker of the The states Firm of Representatives, commonly known equally the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the Usa House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the Firm of Representatives and is simultaneously the House'south presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the establishment's administrative head. Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker normally does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the bulk party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.

The Constitution does not crave the speaker to be an incumbent member of the Firm of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession, after the vice president and alee of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[two]

The electric current House speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a fourth (2nd sequent) term as speaker on Jan iii, 2021, the starting time 24-hour interval of the 117th Congress. She has led the Democratic Political party in the House since 2003, and is the first woman to serve every bit speaker.^[5]

Selection [edit]

The House elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.due east. biennially, after a general ballot) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the Business firm has elected speakers by roll phone call vote.^[6] Traditionally, each party'due south caucus or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from among its senior leaders prior to the roll phone call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their political party, but generally practise, as the outcome of the election effectively determines which party has the bulk and consequently will organize the House.^[7] Every bit the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is non a member of the House at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, however, has been a fellow member.^[seven]

Representatives who cull to vote for someone other than their party's nominated candidate usually vote for someone else in their political party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other political party's candidate would face serious consequences, as was the case when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[ix]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a bulk of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a bulk, the scroll phone call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[7] Multiple ringlet calls accept been necessary only fourteen times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided Firm needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[1] Upon winning election the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United states of america Firm of Representatives, the chamber'due south longest-serving member.^{[10] [11]}

History [edit]

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence every bit speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The first speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to part on Apr 1, 1789, the day the House organized itself at the start of the 1st Congress. He served ii non-sequent terms in the speaker's chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (third Congress).^[12]

As the Constitution does not country the duties of the speaker, the speaker'south role has largely been shaped past traditions and customs that evolved over fourth dimension. Scholars are divided equally to whether early speakers played largely ceremonial and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.^[xiii]

From early in its existence, the speaker's primary role had been to keep order and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative process under Henry Dirt (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[fourteen] [15]} In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for example, the declaration of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay'south "American System" economic program. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral College bulk in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to be elected by the House, Speaker Clay threw his back up to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay'south retirement in 1825, the ability of the speakership in one case over again began to turn down, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Ceremonious War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, ofttimes making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and once more in 1859, for example, the contest for speaker lasted for ii months before the House accomplished a result. Speakers tended to have very brusque tenures during this period. For case, from 1839 to 1863 in that location were eleven speakers, only i of whom served for more than one term. To date, James Chiliad. Polk is the just speaker of the Firm who was later elected president of the United states of america.

Towards the finish of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the most important sources of the speaker'south ability was his position equally Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880, became 1 of the most powerful standing committees of the Business firm. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was profoundly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,^[16] sought to end the obstacle of bills past the minority, in detail by countering the tactic known equally the "disappearing quorum".^[17] By refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved and that the result would be invalid. Reed, however, alleged that members who were in the sleeping room merely refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could non block the Republican agenda.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary command over the legislative process. He adamant the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose commission chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each beak. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed past the House. In 1910, notwithstanding, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the power to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.^[xviii] Fifteen years later, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, merely non all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

One of the nearly influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[19] Rayburn had the virtually cumulative time as speaker in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with House committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and strange assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn'due south successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly considering of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership one time again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as information technology had been since 1910. Instead, information technology over again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the authorization to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, further increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert'due south successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker considering of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 just Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the Business firm with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded past Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly disharmonism with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich'southward concord on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost Business firm seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not correspond a 3rd term equally speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen every bit a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more than controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent role than other gimmicky speakers, beingness overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush-league. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority only made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the offset times since 1953–1955 that at that place was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to requite them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the first adult female to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as president and Autonomous gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the start speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during unmarried-party Democratic leadership in Washington.^[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving forcefulness backside several of Obama'due south major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation past staging a "Burn down Pelosi" bus bout^[21] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was afterwards re-elected twice, at the start of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in part was threatened by the defection of several members from his own party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner's tenure as speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked past multiple battles with the conservatives in his ain political party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, amid other political problems.^[25] This intra-party discord connected under Boehner's successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2022 midterm elections which saw the election of a Autonomous Party majority in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on Jan iii, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her as speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democratic Party in the House of Representatives and served every bit House minority leader for eight years before she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In addition to being the get-go woman to hold the function, Pelosi became the first speaker to return to power since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Spousal relationship Address making history every bit the offset woman to sit backside the podium at such an address. President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his voice communication with the words, "Tonight, I have a high privilege and distinct award of my own — as the starting time president to begin the State of the Marriage message with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, there have been several controversial elections to the speakership, such equally the competition of 1839. In that case, even though the 26th United States Congress convened on Dec ii, the House could non begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Bailiwick of jersey known every bit the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, i Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified equally elected past different branches of the New Jersey government. The trouble was compounded past the fact that the consequence of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite political party's delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th The states Congress. The one-time Whig Political party had collapsed merely no single party had emerged to replace information technology. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering diverseness of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and simply "Opposition". By the time Congress really met in December 1855, most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing characterization. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives beingness 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as speaker, merely because of exclusive distrust, the various oppositionists were unable to hold on a unmarried candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, so Henry Grand. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in Dec 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and over again the House was unable to elect a speaker. Later on Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William Due north. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a one-time Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on February 1, 1860.^[29]

The last time that an election for speaker went beyond one ballot was in December 1923 at the showtime of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed nine ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett in the first eight ballots. Only afterwards winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they agree to support him.^{[30] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (then minority leader) as speaker. Afterwards the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand for re-election. The next two figures in the Business firm Republican leadership bureaucracy, Bulk Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom Delay chose not to run for the function. The chairman of the Firm Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was and then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital matter. He opted to resign from the House, despite beingness urged to stay on by Firm Democratic leader Gephardt. Later on, the chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a bulk of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was and then minority leader, was selected as speaker-designate past House Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker past a vote of 233–202, condign the first woman elected speaker of the House.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Most recent election for speaker (2021) [edit]

The virtually recent ballot for Firm speaker took place January three, 2021, on the opening day of the 117th United States Congress, two months after the 2022 House elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a fourth (second consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy's 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; besides, three representatives answered present when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan office [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the oath of office upon becoming speaker on Oct 29, 2015

The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the speaker. As the office has adult historically, nevertheless, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-style legislatures, such as the speaker of the United Kingdom'south House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the U.s., by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. Nonetheless, despite having the right to vote, the speaker usually does not participate in debate.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may use their power to make up one's mind when each pecker reaches the floor. They too chair the majority party'due south steering committee in the Business firm. While the speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party, the same is not true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily formalism and honorary.

When the speaker and the president belong to the same party, the speaker tends to play the role in a more formalism light, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained function during the presidency of fellow Republican George Due west. Bush. Nevertheless, when the speaker and the president vest to the same party, there are also times that the speaker plays a much larger office, and the speaker is tasked, e.1000., with pushing through the agenda of the majority party, frequently at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, most of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Dirt, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of say-so to the speakership. In more recent times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in standing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other mitt, when the speaker and the president belong to reverse parties, the public role and influence of the speaker tend to increment. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition political party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the president's calendar. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (nether Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful try to strength the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland'south Democrats were in no position to claiming the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Sometime Guard" wing of the Republican Political party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more than progressive clique, and more than just marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his ability to punish the dissidents in his political party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Political party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economical and defence force policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Beak Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq State of war;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget problems and health intendance;^[36] and once again, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to support Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.^[37]

Presiding officer [edit]

As presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the Us regime.^[38] The speaker may delegate their powers to a fellow member of the Firm to act equally speaker pro tempore and to preside over the House in the speaker'southward absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the aforementioned party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is usually a senior member of the bulk party who may exist chosen for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more than junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the Firm. The speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the House, the speaker, "equally soon equally practicable afterward the ballot of the speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must evangelize to the clerk of the House a confidential listing of members who are designated to act as speaker in the instance of a vacancy or concrete inability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the floor of the House, the presiding officeholder is e'er addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", fifty-fifty if that person is serving every bit speaker pro tempore. When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a member to preside over the committee, who is addressed every bit "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officer'due south recognition. The presiding officeholder besides rules on all points of guild but such rulings may be appealed to the whole Firm. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may lodge the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

The speaker'southward powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the speaker has swell influence over the committee process. The speaker selects nine of the xiii members of the powerful Committee on Rules, subject to the approving of the entire bulk party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a neb is introduced, the speaker determines which committee will consider it. Equally a fellow member of the House, the speaker is entitled to participate in fence and to vote. Commonly, the speaker votes simply when the speaker's vote would exist decisive or on matters of great importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.^[41] Under the early rules of the House, the speaker was generally barred from voting, just today the speaker has the aforementioned right as other members to vote but only occasionally exercises information technology. The speaker may vote on any thing that comes before the Business firm, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting past ballot.^[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker'southward office in the United states of america Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to existence the political and parliamentary leader of the Firm of Representatives and representing their congressional commune, the speaker also performs diverse other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the chief authoritative officeholder, and the chaplain;
• Serves as the chairperson of the House Function Building Commission;^[43]
• Appoints the Business firm's parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector general;^[45]
• Administers the Business firm audio and video broadcasting system
• In consultation with the minority leader, can devise a organisation of drug testing in the House.^[43] This option has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, authorities agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, forth with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.Due south. president is unable to belch the powers and duties of his office, or is able to resume them, under Sections three and iv of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is 2nd in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Human activity of 1947, immediately afterward the vice president and before the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed past members of the president'south Chiffonier). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, so the speaker would become acting president, after resigning from the House and as speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve every bit acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.^[48] Withal, only a few years after information technology went into outcome, in Oct 1973, at the top of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected deviation and the state of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was suddenly outset in line to become acting president. The vacancy connected until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December half-dozen, 1973.^[49] Albert was likewise next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, post-obit Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford's option to succeed him equally vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months afterwards.^[48]

See also [edit]

• Party leaders of the The states House of Representatives
• Party leaders of the United States Senate

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided past Multiple Ballots". history.business firm.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (Baronial 5, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Study for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–iv. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January 4, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officeholder, Party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan xiv, 2021. Retrieved September xx, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Member of the House.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (January three, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on January fourteen, 2021. Retrieved Jan 3, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the Firm". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Baronial 22, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
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8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone can run for House speaker, even you". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled past House, dies at 73". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
10. ^ "Fathers/Deans of the House". history.house.gov. Us House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
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14. ^ C. Stewart Iii, "Architect or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives" 1998, online Archived Jan xiv, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ "Henry Clay (1825–1829)". U.South. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Center of Public Affairs, Academy of Virginia. Oct 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May ten, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, October 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Wait at the Firm Committee on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (August 1968). "Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. thirty (3): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn House Museum". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July five, 2007.
20. ^ Run across Party Divisions of United States Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August 6, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Fire Pelosi" Bus Tour". CBS News. Archived from the original on February xiv, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (Nov 3, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: House Speaker'south Sectional Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved December half dozen, 2011.
23. ^ Cohen, Micah (Jan 4, 2013). "Were the G.O.P. Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved March ane, 2019.
24. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (January 6, 2015). "Boehner Overcomes Big Opposition to Remain Speaker". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
25. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Allen, Cooper (September 25, 2015). "Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Feb iv, 2019.
26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (January 3, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the House speaker's gavel equally Democrats confront Trump over partial shutdown". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
27. ^ Bush, George W. (January 23, 2007). "President Bush Delivers Country of the Marriage Accost". The White House. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Union, Volume 2: A Firm Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
29. ^ Allan Nevins. The Emergence of Lincoln, Volume Two: Prologue to Civil State of war, 1859–1861 (New York, 1950), 116–123.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer live.
• Greenish, Matthew N. The Speaker of the Business firm: A Report of Leadership (Yale University Printing; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.Due south. Firm of Representatives; focuses on the catamenia since 1940.
• Grossman, Mark. Speakers of the House of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Greyness Business firm Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (November 26, 2018). "Speakers of the Firm: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December eighteen, 2018.
• Remini, Robert 5. The House: the History of the House of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
• Smock, Raymond West., and Susan Due west. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998). Short biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian East. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history by 40 scholars.

External links [edit]

• "Capitol Questions." C-SPAN (2003). Notable elections and function.
• The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). Firm Certificate 108–204. History, nature and role of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly'south Guide to Congress, fifth ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.S. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	2nd in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#:~:text=The%20speaker%20is%20responsible%20for,steering%20committee%20in%20the%20House.

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